6# 凤凰涅盘
9) TULP1 Tubby-like Protein 1 - LCA15
The human TULP1 protein is very similar (homologous) to a protein previously identified in the mouse whose mutations lead to several problems including early progressive retinal degeneration. The protein is thought to function in facilitating the transport of important proteins like opsin to where they function in the photoreceptor outer segment. In a singl study, TULP1 mutations are reported to cause 1.7% of LCA cases.
Some mutations in the TULP1 gene can lead to LCA while others lead to retinal degeneration that is of an RP phenotype (1). A number of clinical reports are in the scientific literature describing the characteristics of the degeneration in specific families –Suranamese (2), Algerian and Dominican (3). A good mouse model has been developed and characterized (4). It demonstrated an early-onset retinal degeneration but seems to be normal in other regards. The availability of the model would allow for testing of different types of therapy in the future.
References:
1)Schorderet MA, Chachoua L, Boussaiah M, Nouri MT, Barthelmers D, Borrurat D, Munier FL. Novel TULP1 mutation causing Leber Congenital Amaurosis or early onset retinal degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007,48:5160-7.
2)Den Hollander AI, van Lith-Verhoeven JJ, Arends ML, Strrom TM, Cremers,FP, Hoyng CB. Novel compound heterozygous YULP1 mutations in a family with severe early-onser retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2007,125:932-5.
3)Banerjee P, Kleyn WK, Kmowles JA, Lewis CA, Ross BM, Parano E. Kovats SG, Lee, JJ, Penchazadeh GK, Ott J, Jacobson, SG, Gilliam TC. TULP1 mutation ion two extended Dominican kindred with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nature Gen. 1998,18:177-9.
4)Ikeda S, Shiva N, Ikeda A, Smith RS, Nusinowitz S, Yan G, Lin TR, Chu S, Heckenlively JR, North MA, Naggert JK, Nishima PM, Duvao MP. Retinal degeneration but not obesity is observed in nulkl mutants of the tubby-like protein1 gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2000,9:155-63.
10. CEP290 - LCA10
Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP290 gene.
This gene encodes a protein with 13 putative coiled-coil domains, a region with homology to SMC chromosome segregation ATPases, six KID motifs, three tropomyosin homology domains and an ATP/GTP binding site motif A. The protein is localized to the centrosome and cilia and has sites for N-glycosylation, tyrosine sulfation, phosphorylation, N-myristoylation, and amidation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Joubert syndrome and nephronophthisis, and recently with a frequent form of LCA, called LCA10. The presence of antibodies against this protein is associated with several forms of cancer.
11. LCA5 Lebercillin - LCA5
The lebercillin protein gets its name from "Leber" and the fact that it is found in the "cilium" area of the photoreceptor cell. The cilium connects the photoreceptor inner segment where proteins like rhodopsin are synthesized and the outer segment where they are utilized in the visual process. Lebercillin apparently forms functional complexes with a number of other proteins in the connecting cilium. A lack of lebercillin disrupts these complexes and protein transport in the cilium. The result is a retinal degeneration.
LCA mutations lead to early and severe retinal degeneration with nystagmus. Recent studies on two young patients with LCA5 mutations, however, indicate that photoreceptors are fairly well maintained in the central retina.
LCA5 mutations account for 1-2% of LCA cases.
12. IMPDH1 gene - LCA11
The IMPDH1 gene is the blueprint to synthesize the protein called Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase 1. IMPDH1 is an important enzyme in the body that functions in the formation of the compound guanine which is a building block of DNA.
Although protein is expressed in many tissues, it it particularly high in retina. This and the fact that there are unique "isoforms" of the IMPDH1 protein in the retina may explain why only the retina demonstrates pathology in IMPDH1 mutations.
IMPDH1 mutations lead to a dominant form of LCA. Mutations in other parts of the IMPDH1 gene can lead to dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa.
13.RD3 gene - LCA12
The RD3 protein is highly expressed in the retina, particularly in photoreceptor cells. In the photoreceptor cell, recent work (2010) shows that the RD3 protein is needed to ensure proper transport of a critical enzyme, guanylate cyclase (GC), from where it is synthesized in the photoreceptor cell body, through the cilium into the outer segment portion of the cell. Normal functioning of guanylate cyclase is essential in the Visual Process. Without the RD3 protein, the GC enzyme does not get to the outer segment and the Visual Process stops, leading to photoreceptor cell degeneration.
There are excellent mouse and canine models of lCA12. In a mouse model of RD3 mutation, loss of the RD3 protein causes a rapidly progressing LCA disease process.
Mutations of the RD3 gene in humans causes a recessive form of LCA.
Although the RD3 mouse model of retinal degeneration has been known for many years (1993),it was only in 2006 when the gene mutation causing the disease process was identified by a large consortium of investigators (1). The RD3 protein seems to perform many important functions in the retina Molday and coworkers (2) have recently shown that it is critical for synthesis of a signaling molecule in the photoreceptor cells called cyclic GMP,lack of which could lead to photoreceptor cell death. In the mouse, a variable phenotype is observed with siblings with the exact same mutation exhibiting different levels of degenerative severity. Danciger and colleagues (3) have begun to catalog genetic modifiers for this effect, i.e., genes/alleles that influence the inherited degenerative process. Although preclinical therapeutic experiments are yet to start on the RD3 mutation, excellent rodent and canine models (4) are available that are similar to humans with the RD3 mutation.
References:
1)Friedman JS, Chang B, Kannabrian C, Chakravoa C, Sing HP, Hawes, NL, Branham K, Othmanb M, Fillippova E, Thompson DA, Webster AR, Andreasson S, Jacobson, S, Bhattacharya SS, Heckenlively JR, Swaroop A. Premature truncation of a novel protein RD3, exhibiting subnuclear localization, is associated with retinal degeneration. Am. J. Hum genet. 2006,79:159-70.
2)Molday AS, Molday RS. RD3, the protein associated with Lener Congenital Amaurosis type 12 is required for guanylate cyclase trafficking in photoreceptor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010,107:158-63.
3)Danciger M, Ogando D, Yang H, Matthes MT, Yu N, Abern K, Yasumura D, Williams RW, LaVail MM. Genetic modifiers of retinal degeneration in the rd3 mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008,49:2863-69.
4)Kukekova AV, Goldstein O. Johnson, JL. Richardson MA, Pierce-Kelling SE, Swaroop A, Friedman, JS, Aguirre, GD, Acland, GM. Canine RD3 mutation established rod-cone dysplasia type 2 (rcd2) as ortholog of human and murine rd3. Mamm, Genone 2009,20109-123. |